Achalasia—An Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Percentage of immunoreactive cells in achalasia patients.

	Control group	Type I achalasia	Type II achalasia	Type III achalasia
	(n = 5)	(n = 8)	(n = 13)	(n = 5)
Extracellular matrix turnover proteins
MMP-9 (%)
Mean ± SEM	13.6 ± 2.4	31.8 ± 2.2	38.5 ± 0.9	41.0 ± 1.5
Median	14.5	29.0	38.5	40.5
Range	2–25	23–45	29–47	35–48
TIMP-1 (%)
Mean ± SEM	14.1 ± 1.5	25.9 ± 2.4	34.8 ± 1.6	35.1 ± 4.4
Median	13.0	24.0	35.5	40
Range	5–22	13–40	21–46	18–50
Proinflammatory cytokines
IL-22 (%)
Mean ± SEM	5.4 ± 1.1	27.0 ± 1.3	35.6 ± 1.6	39.7 ± 2.1
Median	5.0	28.5	38.0	40.5
Range	2–14	17–32	27–48	31–52
IL-17A (%)
Mean ± SEM	4.7 ± 0.8	19.5 ± 1.5	22.8 ± 0.6	27.3 ± 1.3
Median	5.0	19.5	22.0	26.5
Range	1–8	11–29	19–31	22–35
CD4/IFN-γ (%)
Mean ± SEM	3.8 ± 0.6	23.5 ± 1.1	28.0 ± 0.7	26.8 ± 0.7
Median	3.5	24.5	27.0	27.0
Range	2–8	16–29	22–36	23–30
Profibrogenic cytokines
TGF-β1 (%)
Mean ± SEM	7.0 ± 0.9	33.1 ± 1.4	27.9 ± 1.1	32.7 ± 1.5
Median	7.0	34.0	28.0	33.5
Range	3–11	21–40	16–38	25–40
IL-4 (%)
Mean ± SEM	10.9 ± 1.6	21.2 ± 2.2	32.8 ± 1.0	31.4 ± 0.9
Median	11.0	18.0	33.0	32.0
Range	4–19	14–36	24–39	27–35
IL-13 (%)
Mean ± SEM	6.4 ± 1.2	13.7 ± 0.5	20.0 ± 1.1	15.9 ± 0.6
Median	6.5	13.5	21.0	15.5
Range	1–11	11–16	9–27	13–19
Regulatory cells
CD4/Foxp3 (%)
Mean ± SEM	12.8 ± 1.6	34.0 ± 2.1	35.2 ± 2.6	48.7 ± 2.3
Median	13.5	34.0	29.5	50.5
Range	6–20	18–50	22–58	32–56
CD20/IL-10 (%)
Mean ± SEM	8.0 ± 1.2	23.7 ± 1.1	22.6 ± 0.8	28.7 ± 2.9
Median	7.5	24.0	21.0	28.5
Range	2–16	16–29	18–33	14–42
Apoptosis
FAS (%)
Mean ± SEM	10.5 ± 1.7	28.1 ± 1.3	29.2 ± 1.5	38.3 ± 3.7
Median	10	27.0	30.0	35.0
Range	3–19	23–36	11–41	22–56

control versus achalasia patients.
control versus achalasia patients.
control versus achalasia patients.