The Influence and Role of Microbial Factors in Autoimmune Kidney Diseases: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Study characteristics of relevant studies in IgA vasculitis are shown. Influence of streptococcal proteins and ASO titers has been investigated most intensely. However, there might also be a role for Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, or Haemophilus parainfluenzae antigens in the pathogenesis of IgA vasculitis.

Reference	Design	Disease	Subjects	Biological agents
Masuda et al. [27]	Cross sectional	IgA vasculitis	33 patients	Group A streptococci and their antigen; Nephritis associated plasmin receptor (NAPl-r)
Al-Sheyyab et al. [28]	Prospective case control	IgA vasculitis	48 children; 48 controls	Antistreptolysin O titer
Schmitt et al. [29]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy/IgA vasculitis	16 humans (IgA nephropathy); 17 humans (IgA vasculitis)	IgA-binding M proteins of group A streptococci
Hirayama et al. [30]	Cross sectional	IgA vasculitis	6 patients; 45 controls	Staphylococcus aureus
Li et al. [31]	Cross sectional	IgA vasculitis/membranous; nephropathy/lupus nephritis	IgA vasculitis ( = 10), membranous nephropathy ( = 9), and lupus nephritis ( = 27)	Helicobacter pylori
Ogura et al. [32]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy/IgA vasculitis	32 children	Haemophilus parainfluenzae