The Influence and Role of Microbial Factors in Autoimmune Kidney Diseases: A Systematic Review

Table 4

Study characteristics of relevant studies in nephrotic syndrome are shown. There are a small number of studies indicating a role of Helicobacter pylori infection in membranous nephropathy. Microbial agents in the other entities have not been studied yet. Moreover, conflicting results have been presented examining the role of infections prior to onset of nephrotic syndrome.

Reference	Design	Disease	Subjects	Biological agents
Moriyama et al. [68]	Cross sectional	Membranous nephropathy	32 patients	Helicobacter pylori
Li et al. [31]	Cross sectional	IgA vasculitis/membranous; nephropathy/lupus nephritis	IgA vasculitis ( = 10), membranous nephropathy; ( = 9), and lupus nephritis ( = 27)	Helicobacter pylori
Nagashima et al. [69]	Cross sectional	membranous nephropathy	16 patients	Helicobacter pylori
Gulati et al. [70]	Retrospective study	Primary nephrotic syndrome	37 children	Non-Escherichia coli organisms, urinary tract infection
Adedoyin et al. [71]	Cross sectional	Primary nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis	67 children	Coliforms, Klebsiella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus, urinary tract infection