The Influence and Role of Microbial Factors in Autoimmune Kidney Diseases: A Systematic Review

Table 5

Study characteristics of relevant studies in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis are shown. Most experience is gathered from mouse models with induction of lupus-specific antibodies after injection of lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide along with specific bacterial strains was capable of worsening kidney involvement in lupus mouse models, indicating a potential role of bacterial antigens in the progression of lupus nephritis.

Reference	Design	Disease	Subjects	Biological agents
Kowal et al. [75]	Cell study	Lupus nephritis	1 patient	Anti-bacterial antibodies which bind double-stranded DNA
Chowdhry et al. [76]	Cell study	Lupus nephritis	1 patient	Antibodies binding bacterial polysaccharide and glomeruli
Gilkeson et al. [79]	Animal study	Lupus nephritis	BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice	Escherichia coli dsDNA
Izui et al. [80]	Animal study	SLE	Mice	Lipopolysaccharides
Fournié et al. [81]	Animal study	SLE	Athymic C57BL/6 nude mice	Lipopolysaccharide
Granholm and Cavallo [82]	Animal study	Lupus nephritis	BXSB mouse	Lipopolysaccharide
Granholm and Cavallo [83]	Animal study	Lupus nephritis	NZB/W mice	Lipopolysaccharide
Cavallo and Granholm [84]	Animal study	Lupus nephritis	MRL/lpr mice	Lipopolysaccharide
Anders et al. [77]	Animal study	Lupus nephritis	MRL/lpr mice	Escherichia coli
Deng and Tsokos [78]	Animal study	SLE	MRL/lpr/2J mice, F1 (NZB/W F1) mice, MRL/MpJ mice, B6.MRL/lpr mice, CD40 ligand knockout mice, and C57BL/6 (B6) mice	Cholera toxin B