Autoantibodies Affect Brain Density Reduction in Nonneuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of SLE patients and healthy controls.

	Group
	SLE ( = 95)	CTL ( = 89)
Age (year, mean ± SD)	28.65 ± 7.51	30.70 ± 7.93	−1.795	0.074
Female/male	79/16	64/25	3.357 ()	0.067
Duration (month, mean ± SD)	18.99 ± 27.55	NA
SLEDAI (mean ± SD)	10.01 ± 6.45	NA
Total steroid (g, mean ± SD)	6.86 ± 12.05	NA
Total CTX (g, mean ± SD)	0.96 ± 0.24	NA
Total HCQ (g, mean ± SD)	23.19 ± 66.22	NA
GMD	0.5450 ± 0.0253	0.5767 ± 0.0276	−8.132	0.000
WMD	0.5183 ± 0.0252	0.5405 ± 0.0213	−6.455	0.000
Manifestation ( (%))
Seizure	0 (0)
Psychosis	0 (0)
Organic brain syndrome	0 (0)
Visual disturbance	0 (0)
Cranial nerve disorder	0 (0)
Lupus headache	0 (0)
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)	0 (0)
Neurological sign	0 (0)
Vasculitis	5 (5.26)
Arthritis	25 (26.32)
Myositis	5 (5.26)
Urinary casts	2 (2.11)
Hematuria	30 (31.58)
Proteinuria	24 (25.26)
Pyuria	32 (33.68)
Malar rash	25 (26.32)
Discoid rash	8 (8.42)
Photosensitivity	18 (18.95)
Alopecia	18 (18.95)
Mucosal ulcers	6 (6.32)
Pleurisy	10 (10.53)
Pericarditis	5 (5.26)
Fever	4 (4.21)
Low complement	79 (83.16)
Thrombocytopenia	9 (9.47)
Leukopenia	30 (31.58)
Autoantibody positive ( (%))
Antinuclear	95 (100)
ACL	33 (34.74)
Histone	51 (53.68)
P0	46 (48.42)
SM	45 (47.37)
dsDNA	57 (60.00)
SSA52	51 (53.68)
SSA60	61 (64.21)
SSB	34 (35.79)
U1RNP	30 (31.58)
Nucleosome	38 (40.00)

SLEDAI: SLE disease activity index; GMD: mean whole brain grey matter density; WMD: mean whole brain white matter density; CTX: cyclophosphamide; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; CTL: healthy control; ACL: anticardiolipin antibodies; histone: antihistone antibodies; P0: antiribosomal P antibodies; SM: Anti-Sm antibodies; ds-DNA: anti-dsDNA antibodies; SSA52: anti-Ro/SSA 52-KD antibodies; SSA60: anti-Ro/SSA 60-KD antibodies; SSB: anti-La/SSB antibodies; U1RNP: anti-U1 RNP antibodies; nucleosome: antinucleosome antibodies; NA, not applicable.