Intestinal Microbiota as Modulators of the Immune System and Neuroimmune System: Impact on the Host Health and Homeostasis

Table 2

Gut microbiota microorganisms and correlated immune state, disease, or symptoms.

Gut microbiota microorganism	Model system studied	Associated physiopathological condition	References
Bifidobacterium lactis (LAFTI B94)	Rat	Decrease in the levels of TNF and iNoS in rats with colitis induced by TNBS	[20]
Bifidobacterium infantis (35624)	Mouse	Induction of Treg and inhibition of NF-B in mice with enteric Salmonella-induced enteritis	[20]
Escherichia coli (Nissle 1917)	Human and mouse	Diminishing of TLR2- and TLR4-induced inflammation of the colon in humans and mice with ulcerative colitis and colitis induced by DSS	[20]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lr32 and GG)	Mouse and rat	Induction of Treg in mice and rats with colitis induced by TNBS associated with hLA-B27	[20]
Lactobacillus salivarius (Ls33)	Mouse	Decrease of colonic inflammation of mice with colitis induced by TNBS	[20]
Lactobacillus reuteri (strain not specified)	Mouse	Upregulation of NGF and decrease of IL-8 and TNF levels in IL-10 deficient mice	[20]
Lactobacillus plantarum (299V)	Mouse	Decreased levels of IFN-γ and IL-12p40 in IL-10 deficient mice	[20]
Lactobacillus fermentum (CECT5716)	Rat	Lower levels of TNF and iNoS in the colon of rats with colitis induced by TNBS	[20]
Lactobacillus casei (LAFTI L26)	Rat	Decreased levels of cyclooxygenase 2 in the colon of rats with TNBS-induced colitis	[20]
Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCFM)	Human	Prevention of the loss of insulin sensibility in individuals with glucose intolerance and/or diabetes mellitus	[21]
Lactobacillus gasseri (SBT2055)	Human	Weigh, BMI, circumference of waist and hip, and visceral and subcutaneous fat reduction in individuals with BMI from 24,2 to 37 km/m^2 and visceral fat accumulation	[21]
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (strain not specified)	Rat	Decrease in the levels of IL-8 and TNF in rats with enteritis induced by enteric Salmonella	[20]
Bacteroides fragilis (wild type)	Mouse	Production of IL-10 derived of T CD4+ in mice with colitis induced by TNBS	[20]
Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586)	Human	Occurrence of colon-rectal carcinoma	[22]
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (DSM 17677 in mouse and wild type in humans)	Human and mouse	Decrease in the levels of NF-B, IL-8, and TNF and increase in the production of IL-10 in mice with TNBS-induced colitis; protection against development of IBD in humans	[20]
Helicobacter pylori (absent or present in low levels—wild type)	Human	Paediatric asthma and reflux esophagitis occurrence	[22, 23]
Akkermansia muciniphila (ATCC BAA-835)	Mouse	Improved metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese mice and counteracted diet-induced colon mucosal barrier dysfunction	[24, 25]

DSS, sodium dextran sulphate; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; iNoS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-B, nuclear factor B; NGF, neural growth factor; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TLR, Toll-like receptors; TNBS, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T cells.