Intestinal Microbiota as Modulators of the Immune System and Neuroimmune System: Impact on the Host Health and Homeostasis

Table 3

Cellular sources of neuroactive products in the immune cells.

Cellular source	Hormone/neurotransmitters
Lymphocytes	Acetylcholine, melatonin
B lymphocytes	ACTH, endorphins, GH, IGF-1
T lymphocytes	5-HT, ACTH, endorphins, TSH, chorionic; gonadotropin, GH, PRL, parathyroid-hormone-related protein, IGF-1, VIP
Macrophages	ACTH, endorphins, GH, substance P, IGF-1,; atrial natriuretic peptide
Dendritic cells	Glutamate, dopamine
Splenocytes	LH, FSH, CRH, adrenaline, endomorphins
Thymocytes	CRH, LHRH, AVP, OT, adrenaline
Mast cells	VIP, somatostatin
Neutrophils	VIP, somatostatin
Megakaryocytes	Neuropeptide Y

5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin); AVP, arginine vasopressin; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; LH, luteinizing hormone; LHRH, luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone; OT, oxytocin; PRL, prolactin; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.