Growth Modeling of the Maternal Cytokine Milieu throughout Normal Pregnancy: Macrophage-Derived Chemokine Decreases as Inflammation/Counterregulation Increases

Table 1

Comparison of protein concentrations (pg/mL) of growth factors and cytokines between controls and baseline pregnancy samples.

	Healthy control ()			Pregnancy baseline ()
	Median	Min.	Max.	Median	Min.	Max.
Higher in pregnancy
GROα	341.6	243.3	742.6	1018.6	424.4	3208	<0.001
PDGF-AA	563.8	340.9	923.7	10740.6	2181	>ULD	<0.001
TGFα	1.8	<LLD	33.3	11.7	2.7	78.4	0.002
EGF	24.8	8.6	178.2	489.4	14.6	1506	0.003
PDGF-AB/BB	3410.4	493	7482	10760.7	3650	>ULD	0.005
Higher in controls
Eotaxin	330.9	166.3	651	36.8	9.8	136.9	<0.001
sCD40L	424.7	132.7	1423	29.2	0	1583	0.004
IP-10	400.2	198.6	1271	162.7	57.8	380.7	0.009
IL-17	14.8	2.2	161.6	5.5	<LLD	46.9	0.03
IL-6	7.9	<LLD	82	<LLD	<LLD	34.3	0.03
IL-13	21.3	<LLD	95	<LLD	<LLD	37.3	0.05
MCP-1	492.6	176.9	1043	335.2	80.5	1002	0.05
Nonstatistically significant differences
IL1-ra	81.4	<LLD	2087	21	<LLD	430.4	0.07
IFN	62.7	3.4	170	11.8	1.3	221.6	0.08
IL-12p70	5.7	<LLD	48.6	0.6	<LLD	18.9	0.09
IL-2	5	<LLD	50.8	0.1	<LLD	45.7	0.1
sIL2-ra	<LLD	<LLD	52.1	7.2	<LLD	71.7	0.1
VEGF	476.4	5.7	1399	189.5	<LLD	466.1	0.1
IL-12p40	48.6	<LLD	155.7	2.4	<LLD	333.8	0.2
IL-3	<LLD	<LLD	5.1	<LLD	<LLD	1.4	0.2
IL-4	<LLD	<LLD	98.3	<LLD	<LLD	31.1	0.2
MCP-3	10.4	<LLD	43.8	15.9	<LLD	76.5	0.2
RANTES	6093.6	1590	>ULD	22264.8	1696	>ULD	0.2
IFNα2	47	<LLD	378.6	22.8	5	719.3	0.3
IL-5	0.3	<LLD	1.1	0.6	<LLD	1.8	0.3
IL-9	<LLD	<LLD	27	<LLD	<LLD	9.9	0.3
Fractalkine	106.6	<LLD	2157	96.8	<LLD	514.6	0.4
MIP-1	45.1	<LLD	366	50.1	27.6	196.5	0.4
TNF	0.2	<LLD	20.5	<LLD	<LLD	36.6	0.4
G-CSF	25.1	7.3	220.6	29.2	6.3	619.8	0.5
IL-7	<LLD	<LLD	29	1.3	<LLD	219.3	0.5
IL-8	12.8	4.8	45.2	10.8	1.4	22.8	0.5
FGF-2	28.8	11.8	103.5	24.7	5.9	75.1	0.6
GM-CSF	94.1	14.3	456.3	65.7	23.7	3337	0.6
Il-1	<LLD	<LLD	25.2	<LLD	<LLD	7.1	0.6
FLT3-ligand	7	<LLD	84.1	<LLD	<LLD	72.8	0.7
IL-15	<LLD	<LLD	11.1	0.9	<LLD	12.1	0.8
IL-10	<LLD	<LLD	19.1	<LLD	<LLD	17.1	0.9
IL-1ra2	3	<LLD	34.4	<LLD	<LLD	48.2	0.9
MDC/CCL22	1460.4	676	4049	1440.8	239.1	3665	0.9
MIP-1	58.9	11.6	129	51.1	15.3	289	0.9
TNF	3.8	<LLD	35.9	6.4	0.4	97.7	0.9

EGF = epidermal growth factor, FGF-2 = fibroblast growth factor-2, G-CSF = granulocyte colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF = granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, GRO-a = growth-related oncogene alpha, IFN = interferon, IL = interleukin, IL-1ra = IL-1 receptor antagonist, IP-10 = interferon-gamma induced protein 10, MCP = monocyte chemotactic protein, MDC = macrophage-derived chemokine, MIP = macrophage inflammatory protein, PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor, RANTES = regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, sCD40L = soluble CD40 ligand, sIL2-ra = soluble IL-2 receptor alpha, TGF-a = transforming growth factor alpha, TNF = tumor necrosis factor, and VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.