Adjuvants: Classification, Modus Operandi, and Licensing

Table 1

Classification of adjuvants.

Type	Adjuvant/formulation
Delivery systems
Mineral salts	Aluminum salts [alum]
	Calcium phosphate
Lipid particles	Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant
	MF59
	Cochleates
Microparticles	Virus-like particles
	Virosomes
	PLA (polylactic acid), PLG (poly[lactide-coglycolide])
Immune potentiators	dsRNA: Poly(I:C), Poly-IC:LC
	Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), LPS
	Flagellin
	Imidazoquinolines: imiquimod (R837), resiquimod (848)
	CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)
	Muramyl dipeptide (MDP)
	Saponins (QS-21)
Mucosal adjuvants	Cholera toxin (CT)
	Heat-labile enterotoxin (LTK3 and LTR72)
	Chitosan