Immune Checkpoint Modulators: An Emerging Antiglioma Armamentarium

Table 1

Immune checkpoint antibodies under clinical development.

Target	Biological function	Agent	Stage of clinical development
CTLA-4	Inhibitory receptor	Ipilimumab; Tremelimumab	Phase I/II/III/IV; Phase I/II/III
PD-1	Inhibitory receptor	Nivolumab (MDX1106, BMS-936558); Pembrolizumab (MK-3475); Pidilizumab (CT-011)	Phase I/II/III/IV; Phase I/II/III; Phase I/II
PD-L1	Ligand for PD-1	BMS935559 (MDX1105); MPDL3280A; MEDI4736; MSB0010718C	Phase I; Phase I; Phase I; Phase I
PD-1-positive T cells	PD-1 inhibitor	AMP-224	Phase I
LAG-3	Inhibitory protein	IMP321	Phase I/II (terminated)
KIR	Inhibitory receptor	Lirilumab (IPH2101, BMS)	Phase I/II
4-1BB	Stimulatory receptor	Urelumab (BMS-663513)	Phase I
GITR	Stimulatory receptor	TRX518	Phase I
TIM-3	Inhibitory receptor	Anti-TIM-3	Preclinical