Dendritic Cells under Hypoxia: How Oxygen Shortage Affects the Linkage between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Table 1

Gene expression changes induced by hypoxia in human DCs.

Gene(s)	Changes in gene expression	Gene function	HIF dependency	References
cd80, cd83, cd86, hla II, and cd40	↑	Costimulatory molecules	cd83: yes [30]; cd40: yes [32]	[28–30, 32]
cx3cr1, ccr3, ccr2, and cxcr4	↑	Chemokine receptors		[29]
ccl13, ccl14, ccl18, ccl23, ccl24, and ccl26	↓	Chemokines		[29]
tnfsf14	↑	Stimulation of T cells		[29]
vegf	↑	Angiogenesis	Yes	[29]
il-8, mif	↑	Inflammatory cytokines	il-8: dependency shown for human mesenchymal stem cells [39]; mif: yes [40]	[29]
trem-1	↑	IRS receptor, triggers release of inflammatory cytokines	Yes	[36, 37]
cxcl2, cxcl3, cxcl5, cxcl6, and cxcl8	↑	Neutrophil recruitment	HRE found in cxcl2, cxcl5, and cxcl6	[34]
ccl20, ccl3, and ccl5	↑	Recruitment of activated T cells, monocytes, and immature DCs	HRE found in all of them	[34]
ccl18, ccl23	↓	Chemoattractants for naïve/resting T cells	Most likely indirect	[34]
a2bar	↑	Adenosine receptor	Yes	[35]