Schistosome-Derived Molecules as Modulating Actors of the Immune System and Promising Candidates to Treat Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

Table 1

Experimental animal models to study the role of schistosome molecules in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Disease model	Regimen	Effects	References
Arthritis (DBA/1 mice)	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention	Osada et al., 2009 [15]
	S. japonicum inf.	Prevention	Song et al., 2011 [16]
Arthritis (IL-1ra- mice)	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention	Osada et al., 2015 [17]
T1D (NOD mice)	SEA with or without insulin	Prevention	Maron et al., 1998 [18]
	S. mansoni inf. adults or eggs	Prevention	Cooke et al., 1999 [19]
	S. mansoni dead eggs, SEA, SWA	Prevention	Zaccone et al., 2003 [20]
	SEA	Prevention	Zaccone et al., 2009 [13]
	SEA	Prevention	Cooke et al., 2010 [21]
T2D (diet-induced mice)	S. mansoni inf., SEA	Amelioration	Hussaarts et al., 2015 [22]
	LNFPIII	Amelioration	Bhargava et al., 2012 [23]
MetS (apoE^−/− mice)	S. mansoni inf. adults or eggs, SEA	Amelioration	Stanley et al., 2009 [24]
MetS (LDLR^−/− mice)	SEA	Prevention	Wolfs et al., 2013 [25]
Graves’ hyperthyroidism	S. mansoni inf., SEA, SWA	Prevention	Nagayama et al., 2004 [26]
Psoriasis	LNFPIII	Prevention	Atochina and Harn, 2006 [27]
IBD	SWA	Amelioration	Ruyssers et al., 2010 [28]
		Amelioration	Heylen et al., 2014 [29]
EAE	S. mansoni egg inf.	Amelioration	Sewell et al., 2003 [30]
	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention	La Flamme et al., 2003 [31]
	SEA (S. japonicum)	Prevention and amelioration	Zheng et al., 2008 [32]
	LNFPIII	Amelioration	Zhu et al., 2012 [33]
		Amelioration	Kuijk et al., 2012 [34]
Airway allergies	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention	Mangan et al., 2006 [35]
	S. japonicum inf.	Prevention	Mo et al., 2008 [36]
	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention	Smits et al., 2007 [37]
	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention	Pacífico et al., 2009 [38]
	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention and amelioration	Amu et al., 2010 [39]
	Sm22.6, PIII, Sm29	Prevention	Cardoso et al., 2010 [40]
	S. mansoni or S. haematobium inf.	Prevention	van der Vlugt et al., 2012 [41]
	S. mansoni inf.	Prevention	Layland et al., 2013 [42]
	S. mansoni inf. in mother mice	Prevention or Exacerbation	Straubinger et al., 2013 [43]
	SjP40	Prevention	Ren et al., 2016 [44]

IL-1ra: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; T1D: type 1 diabetes; NOD: nonobese diabetic; SEA: soluble egg antigens; SWA: soluble worm antigens; LNFPIII: Lacto-N-fucopentose-III; T2D: type 2 diabetes; MetS: metabolic syndrome; apoE^−/−: apolipoprotein E deficient mice; LDLR^−/−: low density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Sm22.6: S. mansoni protein with 22.6 kDa, purified as recombinant protein; Sm29: S. mansoni protein with 29 kDa, purified as recombinant protein; and PIII: antigen from SWA, purified as recombinant protein.