Characterization of Natural Killer Cells and Cytokines in Maternal Placenta and Fetus of Diabetic Mothers
Table 3
Cytokine levels (pg/mL) in placental tissue, maternal blood, and cord blood in groups without diabetes (ND) or with mild hyperglycemia (MGH), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and diabetes mellitus (DM-2).
Cytokines
Samples
Concentration (pg/mL)
ND ()
MGH ()
GDM ()
DM-2 ()
IL-1 β
Maternal blood
16.43 ± 2.71
16.33 ± 1.07
16.01 ± 2.00
16.85 ± 1.64
Cord blood
15.49 ± 2.12
15.84 ± 0.79
16.54 ± 1.80
14.96 ± 2.39
Placenta villi
10.78 ± 4.05
8.24 ± 0.66
9.68 ± 1.24
8.24 ± 0.49
Placenta extravilli
12.14 ± 4.29
8.23 ± 2.04
9.76 ± 2.27
10.86 ± 2.58
IL-2
Maternal blood
15.34 ± 4.86
15.37 ± 3.74
9.76 ± 0.48
14.00 ± 4.02
Cord blood
12.77 ± 3.20
14.05 ± 3.76
12.41 ± 2.74
11.76 ± 3.61
Placenta villi
10.42 ± 0.46
7.28 ± 3.11
9.34 ± 3.90
10.05 ± 3.78
Placenta extravilli
11.10 ± 1.20
10.21 ± 2.21
9.48 ± 0.87
10.70 ± 3.54
IL-4
Maternal blood
7.06 ± 1.82
10.16 ± 2.87
8.60 ± 0.93
8.30 ± 2.16
Cord blood
7.76 ± 1.97
12.80 ± 5.90
14.76 ± 6.58
9.06 ± 4.40
Placenta villi
8.93 ± 0.70
9.93 ± 3.93
7.84 ± 3.32
8.35 ± 0.67
Placenta extravilli
9.34 ± 0.74
28.81 ± 13.32
8.42 ± 0.82
12.85 ± 5.05
IL-6
Maternal blood
16.32 ± 2.45
15.36 ± 1.70
16.34 ± 1.96
15.06 ± 0.95
Cord blood
16.29 ± 2.37
16.39 ± 1.54
16.20 ± 2.00
14.27 ± 1.40
Placenta villi
20.29 ± 13.68
7.93 ± 0.67
10.26 ± 2.83
47.45 ± 17.10
Placenta extravilli
11.82 ± 4.35#
35.67 ± 25.47
39.28 ± 19.07
10.03 ± 2.47#
IL-8
Maternal blood
24.5 ± 4.39
24.61 ± 1.41
25.44 ± 2.95
24.23 ± 2.68
Cord blood
26.95 ± 4.95
26.41 ± 3.38
28.44 ± 4.12
23.24 ± 4.99
Placenta villi
28.77 ± 19.81
19.32 ± 5.27
35.57 ± 12.03
30.80 ± 14.33
Placenta extravilli
37.59 ± 21.26#
12.93 ± 5.51
42.73 ± 24.56#
22.47 ± 4.99
IL-10
Maternal blood
14.75 ± 1.78
13.91 ± 1.06
14.21 ± 1.13
13.95 ± 0.53
Cord blood
14.40 ± 0.69
15.33 ± 1.91
14.58 ± 0.81
13.38 ± 1.06
Placenta villi
13.59 ± 5.49
10.42 ± 2.74
9.08 ± 3.74
13.89 ± 6.98
Placenta extravilli
10.66 ± 4.95#
26.45 ± 13.16
26.51 ± 8.70
27.16 ± 5.45
IL-12p70
Maternal blood
10.89 ± 2.37
11.78 ± 4.46
11.37 ± 2.07
9.59 ± 1.05
Cord blood
10.51 ± 1.25
11.79 ± 1.36
10.19 ± 0.52
11.19 ± 0.90
Placenta villi
5.39 ± 1.22
5.76 ± 1.04
8.59 ± 4.81
10.68 ± 4.94
Placenta extravilli
4.74 ± 0.51
7.9 ± 1.09
10.06 ± 3.60
15.34 ± 0.59
TNF
Maternal blood
13.78 ± 2.82
13.27 ± 1.73
13.72 ± 1.67
13.34 ± 1.20
Cord blood
13.74 ± 0.91
14.28 ± 1.15
12.54 ± 0.80
11.76 ± 0.75
Placenta villi
7.48 ± 1.17
12.77 ± 5.18
8.88 ± 1.91
28.69 ± 13.82
Placenta extravilli
10.61 ± 3.06#
14.36 ± 5.27
9.11 ± 4.51
17.99 ± 6.34
IFN-γ
Maternal blood
6.37 ± 0.99
6.40 ± 0.71
22.83 ± 4.47
6.80 ± 1.55
Cord blood
6.47 ± 0.99
17.05 ± 0.17
37.15 ± 11.98
8.45 ± 3.88
Placenta villi
6.63 ± 1.02
12.88 ± 5.64
7.27 ± 0.15
19.95 ± 4.37
Placenta extravilli
7.48 ± 1.18
14.11 ± 7.95
4.21 ± 2.14
16.59 ± 4.92
IL-17A
Maternal blood
6.98 ± 1.11
7.08 ± 2.93
8.90 ± 2.45
16.20 ± 4.39
Cord blood
5.25 ± 1.17
5.35 ± 0.26
8.67 ± 1.76
15.46 ± 2.78
Placenta villi
5.15 ± 2.40
16.86 ± 5.64
5.11 ± 1.23
17.49 ± 5.39
Placenta extravilli
5.63 ± 0.91
14.03 ± 4.78
7.69 ± 5.14
14.42 ± 7.20
Note: results are expressed as the mean of samples of maternal blood, cord blood, and placental tissue. Statistical difference between ND and the other groups; #statistical difference between cells in placenta villi and placenta extravilli within the same group.
