The Toll of Vascular Insufficiency: Implications for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Figure 1

Proposed pathway connecting HMGB1, TLR4, TLR2, MyD88, and TRIF signaling to inflammation and regeneration following muscle ischemia. We have shown that HMGB1 is released from ischemic myocytes and TLRs 2 and 4 have opposing roles following hindlimb ischemia. This proposed mechanism demonstrates the interplay between TLR4, TLR2, MyD88, and TRIF in response to skeletal muscle ischemia.