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| Reference | Patients/controls evaluated | Samples tested | Marker panel used in Treg evaluation by flow cytometry | Treg frequency | Functional studies | Impact on prognosis |
|
| Prabhala et al. [50] | MGUS/MM/controls | PBMC | CD4/FoxP3 | Decreased | Unable to suppress anti-CD3-mediated T cell proliferation | Not evaluated |
| Beyer et al. [52] | MGUS/MM/controls | PBMC | CD4/CD25/FoxP3 (% of CD4+ cells) | Increased in MM versus MGUS (trend without statistical significance) | Strong inhibitory function | Not evaluated |
| Feyler et al. [53] | MGUS/MM/controls | PBMC and BM | CD4/CD25/FoxP3 | Increased in PBMC but not in BM | Not evaluated | Correlation with disease burden (paraprotein) |
| Gupta et al. [54] | MM | PBMC | CD4/CD25/CD127/FoxP3 (% of CD4+ cells) | Reduced in untreated which increased after treatment with lenalidomide | Able to inhibit proliferation of CD4+CD25− T cells | Increase of Tregs in responding patients to therapy; decrease correlation with ISS I + II |
| Muthu Raja et al. [55] | MGUS/SMM/MM | PB/BM whole | CD4/CD25/CD127/CD45RA (% of CD4+ cells) | Increased in MM but not in SMM and MGUS | Able to inhibit proliferation of CD4+ T cells and the secretion of IFN-γ | Correlation with adverse clinical features (hypercalcemia, lower normal PC, and IgA subtype); no correlation with ISS; predict time to progression; MM patients with ≥5% of Tregs had inferior time to progression |
| Giannopulos et al. [56] | MM/controls | PBMC | CD4/CD25/FoxP3 | Increased | Not evaluated | Correlation with shorter overall survival |
| Foglietta et al. [57] | MM/MGUS/controls | Fresh PB and frozen BM | CD4/CD25/FoxP3 | Similar | Effective suppressor function | No correlation with the pattern of BM infiltration |
| D’Arena et al. [51] | MM/MGUS/controls | PB whole | CD4/CD25/CD127 (% and absolute number) | Similar | Effective suppressor function | No correlation with laboratory and clinical variables; no correlation with outcome |
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