Dickkopf-1 Is a Biomarker for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Active Lupus Nephritis

Table 1

Demographics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without lupus nephritis (LN) (non-LN-SLE) (), SLE with LN (LN-SLE) (), and healthy control cohorts.

Demographics	Non-LN-SLE ()	LN-SLE ()	Healthy ()
Ethnics (Chinese Han/Hui/Man/Mongolian)	80 (66/12/1/1)	31 (23/8/0/0)	70 (43/27/0/0)
Age (mean ± SD) (range, years old)	40.14 ± 11.90 (18–76)	33.30 ± 9.29 (17–52)	30.14 ± 8.43 (20–65)
Gender (male/female) (% female)	4/76 (95.6)	4/27 (87.1)	7/63 (90.0)
Disease duration (mean ± SD) (range, years)	6.23 ± 4.21 (0.3–12)	5.89 ± 4.32 (0.6–14)	NA
SLEDAI score (range)	7.31 ± 4.83 (0–19)	11.74 ± 5.93 (4–27)	NA

Data represented the mean ± SD analyzed by Student’s -test using SPSS. NA: unrelated.