Natural Modulators of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Psoriatic Skin Inflammation

Figure 1

TLR ligands and signaling pathways. TLRs localize to the cell surface and to intracellular vesicles such as endosomes where they respond to their exogenous and endogenous ligands as shown. The TLRs utilize adaptor proteins of the MyD88 family, including MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP, and TRAM, to initiate downstream signaling pathways that induce the activation of various transcription factors, including NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3/7, and the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons.