Neutrophilic Inflammation in the Immune Responses of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Lessons from Animal Models

Table 1

Acute tobacco smoke exposure.

Treatment	Time	Response	Reference
Twice a day, 1 hour; per section, 3 days	3 days	The numbers of neutrophils and the levels of proinflammatory mediators, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) are all increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).	[26]
Twelve cigarettes a day, three times a day	5 days	Acute exposure to cigarette smoke causes oxidative stress and increases the counts of; leukocytes and macrophages and the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and KC.	[27]
Twenty cigarettes a day, four times a day	7 days	Acute exposure to cigarette smoke increases the number of total cells, neutrophils,; macrophages, and lymphocytes in BALF and increases the levels of KC and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1).	[28]
Five cigarettes a day	3 days	The numbers of mobilizing neutrophils and differentiating macrophages are significantly increased in BALF, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), TNF-α, and MCP-1 in BALF and lung are also increased.	[29]