The Role of Costimulation Blockade in Solid Organ and Islet Xenotransplantation

Table 1

Timeline for application of evolving techniques for genetic engineering of pigs employed in xenotransplantation.

Year	Technique
1992	Microinjection of randomly integrating transgenes
2000	Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
2002	Homologous recombination
2011	Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs)
2013	Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)
2014	CRISPR/Cas9

CRISPR/Cas9: clustered randomly interspaced short palindromic repeats and the associated protein 9 (table adopted from Cooper et al.) [9].