Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity?

Table 1

Biological therapeutic interventions to modulate neonatal innate immunity following RSV infection.

Strategy	Target	Design	Biological product	Category	Administration	Models	Ref.
Counteracting the ineffective IFN-I secretion	IFN-I-producing cells	Activation & recruitment	IFN-I and Flt3-L	rIFN-α and growth factor	Inhalation & injection	Mouse (N)	[86, 87]
	IFN-I signalling	Activation	CpG and SB 9200	TLR or RLR agonist	Oral	Mouse (A & N)	[100, 102]
Modulating the pulmonary TH2 bias	Th2-polarizing cytokines	Blocking	Anti-IL-13, anti-TSLP, anti-IL-33	Antibodies	Injection	Human (A) & mouse (A & N)	[39, 96, 98, 103–105]
	Signalling pathways	Blocking	Anti-IL-4Rα and anti-STAT6	Antisense oligonucleotide and inhibitory peptide	Inhalation	Mouse (N)	[107, 108]
	Alveolar macrophages	Activation	IFNγ	rIFNγ	Inhalation	Mouse (N)	[90, 95, 110]
Modulating the mucosal microbiota	Respiratory & intestinal mucosa	Maturation	Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505	Live or heat-killed bacteria	Oral or inhalation	Human (C) & mouse (N)	[112–115]
	Respiratory mucosa	Maturation	Primocolonizing lung bacteria strains	Live bacteria	Inhalation	Mouse (N)	[43]

A: adult; C: children; N: neonate.