Endothelial Cells in Antibody-Mediated Rejection of Kidney Transplantation: Pathogenesis Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Table 1

Endothelial antigens in antibody-mediated immune responses.

Types of Abs	Endothelial antigens	Time course of Ab formation	Hyperacute rejection	Acute rejection	Long-term graft injury	Reference
Alloantibodies	ABO	Preformed & de novo	Yes	Yes	Yes	[10, 11]
	HLA	Preformed & de novo	Yes	Yes	Yes	[14–16]
	MICA	Preformed & de novo	Yes	Yes	Yes	[20–33]
Autoantibodies	AT1R	Preformed or de novo	No	Yes	Yes	[34–47]
		Preformed or de novo	No	No	Yes	[41, 48]
	Vimentin	De novo	No	No	Yes	[49, 50]
	Perlecan	Preformed or de novo	No	Yes	Yes	[51, 52]
	Endoglin	Preformed	No	Yes	N/A	[53]
	FLT3 ligand	Preformed	No	Yes	N/A	[53]
	EDIL3	Preformed	No	Yes	N/A	[53]
	ICAM4	Preformed	No	Yes	N/A	[53]