Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse

Figure 1

IL-4Rα-dependent alternative macrophage activation during helminth infection. Type 2 innate and adaptive immune cells produce the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 after exposure to parasitic helminths. In the laboratory mouse, these cytokines induce AAMs which are characterized by the upregulation of signature genes. IL-4Rα: IL-4 receptor alpha chain; γc: common gamma chain; IL-13Rα1: IL-13 receptor alpha 1 chain; IL-13Rα2: IL-13 receptor alpha 2 chain (sIL-13Rα2, secreted form); STAT-6: signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; Mrc1: mannose receptor (CD206); Arg1: arginase 1; Chil3: chitinase-like 3 (Ym1); Retnla: resistin-like molecule alpha (Relm-α), Pdcd1lg2: programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2).