Cancer Immunotherapy: Priming the Host Immune Response with Live Attenuated Salmonella enterica

Figure 1

Oncolytic activity of Salmonella enterica. Once Salmonella reaches the tumor microenvironment, it promotes tumor cell elimination through several mechanisms: (A) inhibits tumor angiogenesis mediated by suppressing HIF-1α transcription factor of VEGF; (B) decreases AKT and mTOR phosphorylation, avoiding possible activation of HIF-1α, thus increases Beclin and LC3, two proteins required for autophagy; (C) degradation of nitrites and nitrates by the enzyme nitrite reductase (NirB) of Salmonella enterica, generates nitric oxide (NO) an apoptotic agent.