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Different antigen types, descriptions, and examples |
Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) |
Low levels of expression on normal host cells |
Disproportionately expressed on tumor cells |
Often result from genetic amplification or posttranslational modifications |
Example: CD19 on B cell malignancies |
Cancer germline antigens (CGAs)/cancer testis antigens (CTA) |
Absent on the normal adult cells, except in reproductive tissues such as testes, fetal ovaries, and trophoblast |
Selectively expressed by various tumor types by epigenetic dysregulation |
Example: NY-ESO-1 in various tumors |
Virus-associated antigens |
Arise in cancer cells from oncogenic viral proteins |
Viral oncoproteins integrate into host cell genome, causing cell transformation and tumorigenesis |
Carried by virally associated malignancies |
Example: HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins |
Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs)/neoantigens |
Arise in cancer cells from nonsynonymous somatic mutations that result in the formation of new peptide sequences during tumorigenesis |
Completely absent from normal host cells |
Example: individual KRAS G12D somatic mutation |
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