Cutting Edge: Biomarkers for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

Table 2

Biomarkers with a potential prediction on drug treatment.

Biomarker	Antihistamines	Omalizumab	Cyclosporine
Resistance
Clinical	Hispanic	None	None
	Atopic asthma
	Rhinosinusitis
	Hypertension
	Thyroid diseases
	High UAS7
	Longer duration of wheals
Molecular	↑ C5a	BHRA+	None
	↑ IL-6	ASST+
	↑ D-dimer	Low IgE levels
	ASST+	CD203c upregulation basophils
Response
Clinical	None	None	Short duration of CSU
			High initial severity
Molecular	↑ LCN2	BHRA−	BHRA +
	↑ Clusterin	ASST−	D-dimer
		Lack of CD203c basophils
		High IgE levels
		High FcεRI
Increased relapse
Clinical	None	High UAS7 at baseline	None
		Low UAS7 AAC
Molecular	None	None	None

LCN2: serum lipocalin-2; BHRA: basophil histamine release assay; ASST: autologous serum skin test; AAC: area above the curve.