Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Advances and Future Expectations

Table 1

Major immunotherapeutic approaches for HCC.

Approaches	Subsets	Targets and applications
ACT	CIK cells	CIK with valproate, DC-CIK with TACE
	TILs
	NK cells	NK with K562-mb15-41BBL, sorafenib, and NKG2D
	CAR T cells (generations 1–4)	Targeting GPC3, targeting GPC3 and ASGR1
HCC vaccines	Cell vaccines	HCC cells with GM-CSF
	Antigen peptide vaccines	AFP, GPC3, SSX-2, NY-ESO-1, hTERT, HCA587, and MAGE-A
	DC vaccines	TCL-loaded DCs with nifuroxazide
Immune checkpoint inhibitors	CTLA-4 inhibitors	Tremelimumab, Tremelimumab with RFA
	PD-1 inhibitors	Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Pidilizumab
	PD-L1 inhibitors	PD-L1 inhibitor with DNMT1 inhibitor
Oncolytic viruses		CVV, JX-594, GLV-1h68, and G47delta