Viruses Seen by Our Cells: The Role of Viral RNA Sensors

Table 1

RNA viruses and ligands recognized by RLR and TLR.

RNA sensor	RNA preference	Representative viruses
Helicases
RIG-I	Uncapped 5 and phosphorylated ssRNA, short dsRNA, and U/A-rich 3 regions of viral RNA	Adenovirus, DENV, EBOV, FLUA/B, HCV, HSV, JEV, LACV, LASV, MV, NDV, NV, PIV5, Reoviridae, RSV, RV, RVFV, SeV, VSV, and WNV
MDA5	Long dsRNA	Adenovirus, DENV, EBV, ECMV, enteroviruses, HCV, HSV, JEV, MV, NDV, norovirus, NV, PIV5, Reoviridae, RSV, SeV, SAFV3, TMEV, and WNV
LGP2	dsRNA	ECMV and HCV
DDX60	dsRNA	HCV, RSV, and VSV
SNRNP200	dsRNA	FLUA, HCV, and SeV
TLRs
TLR3	dsRNA	CVB3, HSV-1, poliovirus, Reoviridae family (rotavirus), RSV, and WNV
TLR7	GU- and U-rich ssRNA	DENV, EBOV, FLUA, HCV, HIV, HTLV-I, MV, poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and YFV
TLR8	GU- and U-rich ssRNA	FLUA, HCV, HIV, rhinoviruses, and YFV

CVB3: Coxsackie B virus; DENV: dengue virus; EBOV: Ebola virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; ECMV: encephalomyocarditis virus; FLUA: influenza A virus; FLUB: influenza B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus; LACV: La Crosse virus; LASV: Lassa virus; MV: measles virus; NV: Nipah virus; PIV5: parainfluenzas virus 5; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; RV: rabis virus; RVFV: Rift Valley fever virus; SAFV3: Saffold virus 3; TMEV: Theiler’s virus; SeV: Sendai virus; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; WNV: West Nile virus; YFV: yellow fever virus. More studies are required to clarify the capacity of LGP2 to detect viruses including ECMV and HCV.