Cutting Edge: Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Immunomodulation

Figure 1

The dual functions of probiotics on the immune system in in vitro and animal experiments. ↑: activity enhanced or quantity increased; ↓: activity reduced or quantity decreased. Immune cell: immune cells on which probiotics directly stimulate. Effects: the immunological effect generated by immune cells stimulated by probiotics, mainly including the regulation on cytokines and the differentiation of related immune cell subpopulations.