Research Article
The Association of Olfactory Dysfunction, Frailty, and Mortality Is Mediated by Inflammation: Results from the InCHIANTI Study
Table 2
Characteristics of 1035 participants according to the presence of frailty.
| | Positive for frailty () | Negative for frailty () | |
| | Demographics & lifestyle habits, (%), mean (SD), or median (IQR) | | Age (years) | 81 (7) | 74 (7) | <.001 | | Sex (female) | 70 (63) | 507 (55) | .106 | | Education (years) | 4 (3) | 5 (3) | <.001 | | Living alone | 68 (61) | 337 (36) | <.001 | | Smoking (former and current) | 38 (34) | 385 (42) | .153 | | Dietary intake | | Alcohol (g/day/kg) | 0.04 (0–0.25) | 0.11 (0–0.31) | .021 | | Total protein intake (g/day/kg) | 1.04 (0.30) | 1.12 (0.32) | .009 | | Total lipid intake (g/day/kg) | 0.87 (0.28) | 0.97 (0.31) | .002 | | Available carbohydrates intake (g/day/kg) | 3.41 (1.11) | 3.76 (1.23) | .008 | | Fibre (g/day/kg) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.30 (0.09) | .006 | | Energy intake (kcal/day/kg) | 26.0 (7.5) | 29.0 (8.4) | .001 | | Comorbid conditions, (%) or median (IQR) | | Diabetes | 16 (14) | 98 (11) | .259 | | Heart failure | 19 (17) | 40 (4) | <.001 | | Chronic pulmonary disease | 18 (16) | 71 (8) | .006 | | Parkinson’s disease | 8 (7) | 19 (2) | .002 | | Stroke | 16 (14) | 44 (5) | <.001 | | Hip fracture | 11 (10) | 27 (3) | .001 | | Peripheral arterial disease | 23 (21) | 98 (11) | .004 | | Malignancy | 8 (7) | 56 (6) | .675 | | Olfactory dysfunction | 85 (77) | 505 (55) | <.001 | | Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1 (1-2) | 0 (0-1) | <.001 | | Medications, (%), mean (SD), or median (IQR) | | Neuroleptics | 10 (9) | 23 (5) | .001 | | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 7 (6) | 9 (1) | .001 | | ACE inhibitors | 24 (22) | 117 (13) | .013 | | Antiplatelets | 18 (16) | 95 (10) | .075 | | Anticoagulants | 2 (2) | 11 (1) | .641 | | Benzodiazepines | 32 (29) | 141 (15) | .001 | | Loop diuretics | 21 (19) | 64 (7) | <.001 | | Corticosteroids | 4 (4) | 14 (1) | .118 | | Biohumoral, physical, and cognitive parameters, (%) or | | Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 54.8 (20.5) | 66.0 (19.0) | <.001 | | Total serum proteins (g/dL) | 7.2 (0.6) | 7.1 (0.4) | .838 | | Interleukin 6 (pg/mL) | 2.21 (1.35 – 4.09) | 1.40 (0.83–2.07) | <.001 | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 (1.6) | 13.8 (1.3) | <.001 | | CES-D | 20 (9) | 12 (8) | <.001 | | Mini Mental State Examination | 21 (6) | 25 (4) | <.001 | | Katz’s activities of daily living | 6 (0-1) | 6 (0–0) | <.001 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.9 (5.1) | 27.4 (4.0) | .289 |
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