Research Article
The Association of Olfactory Dysfunction, Frailty, and Mortality Is Mediated by Inflammation: Results from the InCHIANTI Study
Table 3
Characteristics of 1035 participants according to survival status.
| | Dead () | Alive () | |
| | Demographics & lifestyle habits, (%), mean (SD), or median (IQR) | | Age (years) | 80 (7) | 72 (5) | <.001 | | Sex (female) | 200 (51) | 377 (59) | .014 | | Education (years) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | <.001 | | Living alone | 206 (52) | 199 (31) | <.001 | | Smoking (former and current) | 172 (44) | 251 (39) | .152 | | Dietary intake | | Alcohol (g/day/kg) | 0.10 (0–0.26) | 0.10 (0–0.32) | .021 | | Total protein intake (g/day/kg) | 1.14 (0.32) | 1.11 (0.32) | .262 | | Total lipid intake (g/day/kg) | 0.97 (0.30) | 0.96 (0.32) | .582 | | Available carbohydrate intake (g/day/kg) | 3.82 (1.26) | 3.67 (1.20) | .066 | | Fibre (g/day/kg) | 0.29 (0.09) | 0.29 (0.08) | .654 | | Energy intake (kcal/day/kg) | 29.08 (8.33) | 28.40 (8.37) | .227 | | Comorbid conditions, (%) or median (IQR) | | Diabetes | 52 (13) | 62 (10) | .082 | | Heart failure | 46 (12) | 13 (2) | <.001 | | Chronic pulmonary disease | 63 (16) | 26 (4) | <.001 | | Parkinson’s disease | 21 (5) | 6 (1) | <.001 | | Stroke | 44 (11) | 16 (2) | <.001 | | Hip fracture | 24 (6) | 14 (2) | .002 | | Peripheral arterial disease | 86 (22) | 35 (5) | <.001 | | Malignancy | 28 (7) | 36 (6) | .353 | | Olfactory dysfunction | 249 (63) | 341 (53) | .001 | | Frailty | 90 (23) | 21 (3) | <.001 | | Charlson Comorbidity index | 1 (0-2) | 0 (0-1) | <.001 | | Medications, (%), mean (SD), or median (IQR) | | Neuroleptics | 17 (4) | 16 (2) | .143 | | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 11 (3) | 5 (1) | .017 | | ACE inhibitors | 72 (18) | 69 (11) | .001 | | Antiplatelets | 65 (16) | 48 (7) | <.001 | | Anticoagulants | 11 (3) | 2 (1) | .001 | | Benzodiazepines | 81 (21) | 92 (14) | .010 | | Loop diuretics | 55 (14) | 30 (5) | <.001 | | Corticosteroids | 11 (3) | 7 (1) | .050 | | Biohumoral, physical, and cognitive parameters, (%) or | | Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 56.4 (19.5) | 69.5 (17.8) | <.001 | | Total serum proteins (g/dL) | 7.1 (0.5) | 7.1 (0.4) | .680 | | Interleukin 6 (pg/mL) | 1.89 (1.14–3.31) | 1.22 (0.78–1.84) | <.001 | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 (1.6) | 13.9 (1.2) | <.001 | | CES-D | 14 (9) | 12 (9) | <.001 | | Mini Mental State Examination | 22 (6) | 26 (3) | <.001 | | Katz’s activities of daily living | 5 (1) | 6 (0) | <.001 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.0 (4.3) | 27.7 (4.0) | .016 |
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