Celiac Disease in Children, Particularly with Accompanying Type 1 Diabetes, Is Characterized by Substantial Changes in the Blood Cytokine Balance, Which May Reflect Inflammatory Processes in the Small Intestinal Mucosa
Table 3
Cytokine levels (median values (IQR)) in different study groups.
Cytokine
Controls
CD
All CD cases
T1D
values
Groups compared
37
24
9
33
2
IL-1β (pg/ml)
2.76 (1.6-3.2)
2.59 (2.25-3.25)
2.39 (1.5-3.21)
2.45 (1.8-3.2)
2.92 (2.3-3.5)
Between all groups
IL-2 (pg/ml)
1.97 (0.69-3.27)
0.95 (0.04-2.42)
1.57 (0.51-4.15)
1.53 (0.22-2.81)
2.62 (1.88-3.35)
Between all groups
IL-4 (pg/ml)
54.7 (27.0-90.1)
18.1 (3.6-64.6)
18.3 (12.4-52.7)
18.3 (6.8-55.3)
20.5 (14.4-26.54)
Controls vs CD
IL-5 (pg/ml)
4.26 (3.2-5.7)
6.0 (4.5-9.7)
5.82 (4.2-7.8)
5.82 (4.5-8.7)
11.4 (5.2-17.6)
CD vs controls
IL-6 (pg/ml)
1.81 (1.44-2.83)
2.22 (1.79-3.36)
2.78 (1.36-4.98)
2.45 (1.75-3.35)
1.9 (1.60-2.23)
Between all groups
IL-7 (pg/ml)
10.89 (8.8-12.3)
9.7 (8.4-10.8)
11.27 (8.8-12.0)
9.81 (8.4-11.3)
21.34 (11.7-31.3)
Between all groups
IL-8 (pg/ml)
13.5 (8.5-19.9)
30.1 (15.3-58.8)
21.2 (10.9-52.2)
24.8 (14.5-43.7)
17.91 (17.8-17.5)
CD vs controls
IL-10 (pg/ml)
11.3 (7.08-18.1)
14.2 (9.0-19.3)
19.2 (11.0-22.8)
14.3 (9.65-20.6)
21.98 (9.5-34.3)
Between all groups
IL-12 (P70) (pg/ml)
7.2 (5.98-9.38)
7.6 (4.7-8.9)
5.83 (3.1-8.5)
7.1 (4.6-8.9)
8.2 (7.6-8.8)
Between all groups
IL-13 (pg/ml)
12.5 (8.2-20.6)
19.3 (11.0-33.8)
21.32 (11.5-41.1)
20.32 (11.2-36.3)
46.2 (18.7-73.7)
All CDs vs controls
IL-15 (pg/ml)
0.0 (0.0-0.0.)
6.06 (0.0-11.4)
6.03 (0.0-13.7)
6.05 (0.0-11.7)
26.6 (12.3-4.08)
CD vs controls vs controls
IL-17A (pg/ml)
14.54 (9.35-22.3)
12.1 (7.9-14.7)
12.5 (7.2-22.6)
12.25 (7.5-17.5)
24.21 (9.7-38.7)
Between all groups
IL-17F (ng/ml)
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
0.004 (0.0-0.05)
0.02 (0.0-0.10
0.008 (0.0-0.06)
0.20 (0.01-0.38)
CD vs controls vs controls All CDs vs controls
IL-21 (pg/ml)
2.74 (1.33-4.3)
2.08 (1.23-4.4)
2.17 (0.65-3.8)
2.17 (1.1-4.7)
12.92 (2.4-23.4)
Between all groups
IL-22 (ng/ml)
0.0 (0.0-0.05)
0.38 (0.0-1.08)
0.0 (0.0-1.5)
0.30 (0.0-1.05)
2.12 (0.29-3.95)
CD vs controls
IL-23 (pg/ml)
429.5 (219.5-803.7)
347.5 (241.3-837.9)
228.6 (172.2-754.0)
340.0 (210.2-820.3)
826.9 (366.5-1287)
Between all groups
IL-27 (ng/ml)
0.75 (0.56-1.23)
1.75 (1.27-3.39)
1.0 (0.66-4.09)
1.72 (0.99-3.24)
7.84 (1.0-14.6)
CD vs controls
IP-10 (pg/ml)
189.3 (122.5-304.1)
254.9 (196.3-378.4)
243.9 (174.1-305.3)
247.1 (185.8-340.8)
417.2 (195.2-639.2)
CD vs controls
IFNγ (pg/ml)
20.08 (13.2-25.2)
20.63 (11.25-27.53)
17.15 (15.34-33.83)
18.69 (12.60-28.56)
48.33 (14.95-81.70)
Between all groups
MIP-1β (pg/ml)
35.46 (21.43-58.14)
51.44 (38.33-73.03)
52.85 (44.69-70.2)
52.85 (41.7-71.26)
81.57 (48.66-114.5)
CD vs controls vs controls All CDs vs controls
MCP1 (pg/ml)
613.6 (489.0-742.0)
563.9 (513.9-813.1)
698.7 (463.9-937.3)
607.1 (516.3-845.4)
925.8 (664.5-1187)
Between all groups
TNFα (pg/ml)
10.19 (7.4-13.4)
13.09 (9.45-18.8)
10.61 (9.7-16.9)
12.62 (9.71-18.48)
16.91 (12.07-21.75)
CD vs controls
PAI-1 (pg/ml)
521334 (347801-667527)
214127 (124009-564711)
496513 (238994-689119)
379704 (128294-648666)
869655 ()
Controls vs CD
TGFβ1 (pg/ml)
58013 (46296-64451)
46973 (34771-55086)
56933 (42377-69830)
48378 (37144-58561)
76385 (58782-93988)
Controls vs CD
TGFβ2 (pg/ml)
1840 (1521-2227)
1481 (1148-1719)
1697 (1347-2082)
1574 (1264-1949)
2165 (1791-2538)
Controls vs CD
TGFβ3 (pg/ml)
12.33 (6.16-122.2)
29.09 (12.33-92.02)
122.2 (12.33-130.2)
29.09 (12.33-122.2)
61.11 (0.0-122.2)
Between all groups
sIL-1R1 (pg/ml)
27.72 (25.3-34.4)
0 (0.0-27.7)
25.3 (18.67-30.14)
21.68 (0.0-27.72)
36.84 (25.30-48.38)
Controls vs CD
sIL-2Rα (pg/ml)
614.3 (456.3-754.1)
971.7 (759.5-1464)
923.7 (757.2-1245)
952.7 (784.2-1394)
1448 (1213-1684)
CD vs controls vs controls
sTNFRII (pg/ml)
5928 (5142-7106)
7445 (6257-9256)
5748 (4609-8367)
7336 (5746-8582)
9744 (8755-10733)
CD vs controls T1D vs controls
GM-CSF (pg/ml)
123.1 (69.1-209.2)
155.4 (51.85-231.8)
106.4 (86.3-249.5)
154.4 (62.51-232.6)
131.1 (70.65-191.6)
Between all groups
Adiponectin (pg/ml)
()
()
()
()
()
Between all groups
Leptin (pg/ml)
2752 (1246-73621)
1260 (863.6-27469
765.6 (521.4-3790)
1152 (768.0-2913)
1316 (1178-1454)
Controls vs CD
Resistin (pg/ml)
259209 (199695-348865)
191157 (91529-347211)
207472 (151595-400718)
206244 (136354-370681)
293281 (181429-405134)
Between all groups
Median values between the groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney test.
