Circulating CD3⁺HLA-DR⁺ Extracellular Vesicles as a Marker for Th1/Tc1-Type Immune Responses

Figure 5

Levels of T cell-derived EVs in culture supernatants of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were purified from PBMCs obtained from three healthy donors and cultured with (sti) or without (unsti) stimulation by CD3 and CD28 antibodies with a starting cell density of cells/mL. After 6-day culture, the cell numbers (a, e) and supernatant levels of CD3⁺CD4⁺ EVs (b, f), CD3⁺CD8⁺ EVs (c, g), and CD3⁺HLA-DR⁺ EVs (d, h) were examined for CD4⁺ T cells (a-d) and CD8⁺ T cells (e-h). AlphaLISA counts were normalized by dividing the value by the cell number. Data are presented as the mean±SD. and , by the Mann–Whitney test between sti and unsti cell groups.

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