(a) |
| | Serum and cerebrospinal fluid | | Detection method | Tau antigen | Body fluid | Group of participants | Main results | References |
| | EIA | Bovine tau | CSF, serum | Controls, AD, PD, MS, ALS, ON, OND, SMN/CIDP, GBS, VD | Anti-tau Abs detected above assay cut-off value only in sera of two controls (2/44) and one ALS (1/26)
Calculations of intrathecal synthesis | Terryberry et al. [63] | | ELISA (IgG, IgM) | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa)
Phosphorylated tau peptide (195-213 aa, pS202/pT205) | CSF, serum | Controls, AD, OND | Higher IgM titers of serum Abs against phosphorylated tau peptide detected in the AD group compared to the controls | Rosenmann et al. [54] | | ELISA | Bovine tau | CSF, serum | Controls, MS | CSF anti-tau Abs levels: lower in MS patients receiving therapy than those without treatment
Measurements of avidity, calculations of intrathecal synthesis | Fialova et al. [55] | | ELISA | Bovine tau | CSF, serum | Controls, MS | Measurements of avidity | Fialova et al. [104] | | ELISA | Bovine tau | CSF, serum | Controls, AD, OD, IC | Calculations of intrathecal synthesis
AD group: higher intrathecal anti-tau Abs than the other groups | Bartos et al. [61] | | ELISA | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa) | Serum | Controls, PD, bvFTD | PDD group: decreased serum anti-tau Abs compared to PDND | Kronimus et al. [105] | | ELISA (IgG, IgM) | Tau peptide (196-207 aa): nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated at pS199/pS202 | Serum | AD, MCI, NCI | Anti-tau IgG Abs increased in MCI vs. AD and NCI | Klaver et al. [62] | | ELISA, WB | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa)
Truncated form Tau155-421
Brain homogenates | Pooled plasma | Controls, AD | Different reactive profiles of anti-tau Abs isolated from pooled plasma samples (isolation procedure described in [106]) | Krestova et al. [64] | | ELISA | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa)
Truncated form Tau155-421
Bovine tau | CSF, serum | Controls, MCI, MCI-AD, AD | Serum anti-tau Abs against bovine tau: lower in female MCI-AD vs. controls, higher in male MCI-AD vs. controls
Calculations of intrathecal synthesis | Krestova et al. [56] | | ELISA | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa) | Serum | Children, adults | No significant differences in anti-tau Abs levels | Kuhn et al. [57] | | ELISA | Bovine tau | Serum | Controls, AD | Lower anti-tau Abs in AD vs. controls, and their decrease over time | Bartos et al. [60] |
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(b) |
| | Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) preparations | | Detection method | Tau antigen | Supplier of IVIG | Main results | Reference |
| | ELISA | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa) | Gamunex (Talecris Biotherapeutics Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC)
Gammagard (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Westlake Village, CA)
Flebogamma (Grifols Biologicals Inc., Los Angeles, CA) | Anti-tau bs detected in all three IVIG products
Mean Ab levels: 3.13 μg/mL for Gammagard, 2.48 μg/mL for Gamunex, 1.23 μg/mL for Flebogamma | Smith et al. [65] | | ELISA | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa)
Tau peptides: 45–73 aa, 244–274 aa, 275–305 aa, 306–336 aa, 337–368 aa, 422–441 aa | Gamunex (Talecris Biotherapeutics Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC)
Gammagard (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Westlake Village, CA)
Flebogamma (Grifols Biologicals Inc., Los Angeles, CA) | Anti-tau Abs detected in all three IVIG products
Differences in reactivity against various tau peptide sequences among IVIG products | Smith et al. [66] | | ELISA | Tau peptide of 196-207 aa, nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated at pS199/pS202 | Gamunex-C (Grifols Therapeutics Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC)
Gammagard Liquid (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Westlake Village, CA)
Gammaked (Talecris Biotherapeutics Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC)
Flebogamma (Grifols Biologicals Inc., Los Angeles, CA)
Privigen (CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland)
Octagam (Octapharma AB, Stockholm, Sweden) | Anti-tau Abs present in all IVIG products
Differences in reactivity among IVIG products | Loeffler et al. [68] | | ELISA, WB | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa) and truncated forms Tau155-421, Tau13-391, nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated | Flebogamma (Grifols Biologicals Inc., Los Angeles, CA) | Basic characterization of anti-tau Abs isolated from IVIG product | Hromadkova et al. [67] | | ELISA, WB | Full-length human tau (1-441 aa) and truncated form Tau155-421, nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated
Brain homogenates | Flebogamma (Grifols Biologicals Inc., Los Angeles, CA) | Basic characterization of anti-tau Abs isolated from IVIG product | Krestova et al. [64] |
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Abbreviations: aa: amino acids; Ab: antibody; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; bvFTD: behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia; CIDP: chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; EIA: enzyme immunoassay; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GBS: Guillain-Barre’ syndrome; IC: neuroinflammatory diseases; MCI: mild cognitive impairment (MCI-AD: MCI due to AD); MS: multiple sclerosis; NCI: no cognitive impairment; OD: other dementias; ON: optic neuritis; OND: other neurologic disease; PD: Parkinson disease (PDD: PD with dementia; PDND: nondemented PD); SMN: sensorimotorneuropathy; VD: vascular dementia; WB: western blot.
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