Perivascular Lymphocyte Clusters Induced by Gastric Subserous Layer Vaccination Mediate Optimal Immunity against Helicobacter through Facilitating Immune Cell Infiltration and Local Antibody Response

Figure 4

Perivascular lymphocyte clusters might increase the expression of VCAM-1, Madcam-1, and TNF-α. Mice were treated as indicated in Figure 2(a). (a) The expression level of Madcam-1 and TNF-α in the gastric tissue of the indicated partner mice challenged with H. felis was analyzed by qRT-PCR. (b) Frozen sections of gastric tissue from the indicated partner challenged with H. felis were stained with antibodies against CD31 (green) and VCAM-1 (red), and nuclei were treated with DAPI (blue). Scale bars indicated 50 μm. (c) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of VCAM-1 expression on CD31⁺ vessels was determined. Values are the (). All indicated values were tested using the ANOVA analyses or t tests. , , and ; n.s.: not significant.

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