CAR-T Cell Therapy in Cancer: Tribulations and Road Ahead

Figure 2

Common side effects of CAR-T cell therapy. (a) CAR-T cells can be examined in routine examinations of cerebrospinal fluid, which allows increased transport of CAR-T cells and other lymphocytes to the central nervous system and increases permeability to soluble mediators. (b) Cytokine storms are the most common form of CAR-T toxicity. The affinity and conduction function of CAR-T cells cause rapid release of a large number of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-α, and IFN-γ to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome after binding to relevant antigens and multiple organ failure. (c) Off-target effects are the effect of cells on additional targets outside of the design, leading to autoimmune disease responses to normal tissues.