Protective Effects of Two Safflower Derived Compounds, Kaempferol and Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, on Hyperglycaemic Stress-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis via Modulating of Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization

Figure 5

Determination of TNF-α and IL-1β levels in podocytes. (a) TNF-α level. (b) IL-1β level. Values were expressed as (). versus (HG)MS. ^# versus HG. Abbreviations: TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; NG: 11.1 mM glucose; HG: 33.3 mM glucose; Ka4: kaempferol 4 μM in HG; Ka8: kaempferol 8 μM in HG; HSYA100: hydroxysafflor yellow A 100 μM in HG; HSYA200: hydroxysafflor yellow A 200 μM in HG; (NG) MS: the supernatants from NG-cultured macrophage; (HG) MS: the supernatants from HG-cultured macrophage; (Ka4) MS: the supernatants from kaempferol 4 μM and HG-cultured macrophage: (Ka8) MS: the supernatants from kaempferol 8 μM and HG-cultured macrophage; (HSYA100) MS: the supernatants from hydroxysafflor yellow A 100 μM and HG-cultured macrophage; (HSYA200) MS: the supernatants from hydroxysafflor yellow A 200 μM and HG-cultured macrophage.

(a)

(b)