Regulating the Polarization of Macrophages: A Promising Approach to Vascular Dermatosis

Figure 1

Several signaling pathways mediate in macrophage polarization. (a) M1 macrophage polarization and (b) M2 macrophage polarization are shown with some signal pathways or factors involved in their development. Although this graph displays two categories of macrophage, in fact a dynamic spectrum of polarization often occurs. Abbreviations: IFN-γ: interferon gamma; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IFNGR: interferon gamma receptor; TLR4: Toll-like receptor-4; JAK1/2/3: Janus kinase1/2/3; TRIF: TLR domain-containing adapter protein inducing interferon-β; MyD88: myeloid differentiation factor 88; IL-4/10/13: interleukin 4/10/13; IL-αR: interleukin receptor; IRF-3: interferon regulatory factor 3; IRAK-4: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4; TRAF-6: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; IKK-β: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase; STAT1/3/6: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3/6; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B.