Protective Effects of Thalidomide on High-Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury through In Vitro Modulation of Macrophage M1/M2 Differentiation

Figure 1

Effects of high glucose on nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Values were expressed as the (). ^#; LPS versus DMSO after 12, 24, and 48 hours’ treatment separately. ; 33.3 and 44.4 mM glucose versus 11.1 mM glucose after 12, 24, and 48 hours’ treatment separately. ^{^}; 33.3 and 44.4 mM glucose versus LPS after 12 hours’ treatment. ^&, 11.1 mM glucose versus DMSO after 48 hours’ treatment. Abbreviations: LPS: lipopolysaccharide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide, the solvent control of LPS.