The Evolution of Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy against HIV-1 Infection: Improvements and Outlook

Figure 2

Timeline of the DC vaccine formulation design of the first clinical trials done for different studies. The DC vaccine design in these studies [15, 21, 23, 38, 39, 50–57] varied greatly in antigen type and method of delivery to DCs. More recent clinical trials predominantly investigated DC vaccines electroporated with HIV-1 mRNA. The inclusion of additional immunogens in an effort to maximize efficacy of DC function has been common.