Emerging Prospects for Nanoparticle-Enabled Cancer Immunotherapy

Figure 6

Diagrammatic presentation to express the combined effect of 1-methyl-D-tryptophan and oxaliplatin on immune response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A vehicle was prepared for the codelivery of two chemotherapeutics, i.e., 1-methyl-D-tryptophan and oxaliplatin. 1-Methyl-D-tryptophan plays a role in causing immunogenic cell death via expression of calreticulin and release of ATP and HMGB-1 (high-mobility group box 1), while the interference of oxaliplatin with the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 pathway is reported. After receiving adjuvant stimuli and uptaking the dying tumor cells, dendrite cells undergo a maturation process along with crosspresentation of tumor antigens. Afterward, primary and metastasized cancer cells are killed by CD+ T cells through granulysin and perforin. This codelivery system influences the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 pathway, interferes Treg development, and controls other immunomodulatory activities, resulting in the strengthening of the apoptotic effect by the immune system. The immunogenic cell death pathway involves the activation memory T cells and helper cells which helps in the prevention of disease recurrence.