Stress Induces Release of Extracellular Vesicles by Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes

Figure 4

Effect of nitrosative stress on EV release by T. cruzi trypomastigotes. trypomastigotes were incubated for 2 h at 37°C in culture medium adjusted to pH 5.0 with different concentrations of NaNO_2, including the control with the salt. After the incubation period, cell viability was evaluated by the PrestoBlue assay(a) and EV size (nm) (b) and EV concentration (particles/mL) (c) were measured by NTA ( and ). SEM of trypomastigotes releasing EVs incubated under different NaNO₂ concentrations (d). Size  μm. Alternatively, trypomastigotes were incubated at 37°C in DMEM supplemented with 5% glucose containing 100 μM SNOG. Parasite viability was evaluated at the indicated intervals by PrestoBlue assays (e), and the size (f) and concentration (g) of EVs in the supernatants were determined by NTA (). Panel (h) shows pictures of parasites stained by Giemsa after each incubation period.

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