The Immunomodulation Potential of Exosomes in Tumor Microenvironment

Table 2

Engineered exosomes for cancer immunotherapy.

Exosome types	Exosome source	Functional cargo	Immune response	Reference
SMART-Exo	Expi293F	Anti-CD3, anti-HER2, anti-EGFR	Activating and redirecting T cells toward HER2- or EGFR-expressing breast cancer cells	[105]
B7-1 and B7-2 Exo	Leukemia cells	B7 costimulatory proteins and leukemia-associated antigens	Facilitating T cell-mediated antitumor responses	[106]
Cell-free vaccine	DCs differentiated from autologous monocytes	MHC and antigenic peptide	Initiating T cell responses	[124]
CD40L-Exo	3LL Lewis lung cells	CD40L, TAA	Activating DCs-mediated antitumor immunity in 3LL tumors	[125]
TEX-N1ND	HCC, breast and pancreatic cancer cells	N1ND and TAA	Activating DCs-mediated antitumor immune response	[126]
IFNγ-Exo vaccine	RM-1 cancer cells	IFN-γ and TAA	Activating M1-mediated antitumor immune response in RM-1 tumors	[127]
Decoy for TNF-α	HEK293	Extracellular domain of TNFR1	Antagonizing TNF-α in vitro	[128]

SMART-Exo: synthetic multivalent antibodies retargeted exosome; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; DCs: dendritic cells; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; CD40L: CD40 ligand; TAA: tumor-associated antigens; TEX: tumor-derived exosome; N1ND: N-terminus domain of HMGN1; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; M1: macrophage 1; TNFR1: tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.