Review Article
Pharmacological Actions, Molecular Mechanisms, Pharmacokinetic Progressions, and Clinical Applications of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A in Antidiabetic Research
Table 1
Summary of pharmacological effects and mechanisms of HSYA on diabetes and diabetes complications.
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Abbreviations: T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HFD: high-fat diet; STZ: streptozotocin; FBG: fasting blood glucose; IR: insulin resistance; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDLC: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DN: diabetic nephropathy; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH-px: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde; Scr: serum creatinine; UN: urea nitrogen; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; FFA: free fatty acids; NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; HG: high glucose; HBMECs: human brain microvascular endothelial cells; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; CD206: mannose receptor; Arg-1: arginase-1; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; VEGF: vascular growth factors; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β1; NO: nitric oxide; HEKs: human epithelial keratinocytes; PPARγ2: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2. |