Pharmacological Actions, Molecular Mechanisms, Pharmacokinetic Progressions, and Clinical Applications of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A in Antidiabetic Research

Table 2

The RCT research of SYI (90% HSYA) in the treatment of diabetes and diabetes complications.

	Diseases	RCT research	Main improved clinical indicators	Mechanism research	Reference
Microvascular complications	Diabetic nephropathy	Early stage: (control: )	Serum creatinine	SOD, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10	[55]
		End stage: (control: )	24 h proteinuria, urea nitrogen		[56]
	Diabetic retinopathy	(control: )	Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin		[57]
	Diabetic neuropathy	(control: )	Tendon reflexes and EMG nerve conduction velocity		[58]
Macrovascular complications	Cardiovascular disease	Unstable angina pectoris: (control: )	Number and duration of angina pectoris		[59]
	Cerebrovascular disease	Acute cerebral infarction: (control: )	NIHSS score		[60]
	Peripheral vascular disease	Diabetic foot ulcers: (control: )	Wagner classification		[61]

Abbreviations: RCT: randomized controlled trial; SYI: safflower yellow injection; HSYA: hydroxysafflor yellow A; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-10: interleukin-10; EMG: electromyogram; NIHSS: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.