Application of Bionanomaterials in Tumor Immune Microenvironment Therapy

Table 1

Examples of nanomaterial in modulation of TIME components.

TIME component	Strategy	Nanocarrier	Type	Active ingredient	Tumor model	Refs
TAMs	Depletion	Platinum -prodrug conjugated small particles	Pro-drug	BLZ-945	4T1, CT26	[25]
		Pegylated liposomal	Liposome	Clodronate	-	[26]
		SR-B1 linked with an M2 macrophage binding peptide	Peptide-lipid nanoparticle	Anti-CSF-1R siRNA	B16F10	[11]
	Reprogramming	Azide-modified exosomes	Exosome	Antibodies of CD47 and SIRPα	4T1	[12]
		Trastuzumab-modified, mannosylated liposomal	Liposome	Vorinostat	H1975	[8]
		ICG and titanium dioxide mannose-modified PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles	Inorganic nanoparticle	ICG	4T1	[14]
MDSCs	Depletion	Polymer of PEG-PDPA and PEG-PAEMA	Polymer	RGX-104	4T1	[34]
		CpG-ODN/Poly(I:C)	Polymer	Poly(I:C), RB6-8C5	B16	[35]
	Reprogramming	Porous scaffolds crosslinked with acid matrix	Polymer scaffold	Resiquimod (R848)	4T1, TC1	[37]
		Zinc-doped iron oxide nanoparticles	Iron oxide nanoparticle	Zinc	U87 MG, CT-2A	[38]
	Deactivation	LWMH -tocopherol succinate nanoparticle	Polymeric nanoparticle	D-α-tocopheryl succinate	B16	[39]
DCs	Lymph node targeting	Silica nanoparticle co-loading negatively charged oligonucleotide adjuvant and OVA antigen	Silica nanoparticle	Silica	EG.7-OVA	[13]
	Antigen presentation	R837-loaded 26 DMPC-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles	Polymer hybrid	R837, αOVA	B16-OVA	[46]
	Adjuvant or immune enhancer	Poly-l-lysine-coated nanoparticles load with sOVA-C1 plasmid	Polymer	OVA	EG7	[47]
T lymphocyte cells	Controlled release the drugs that target T cells	Nanoparticle with a micelle-liposome double-layer structure	Micelle/liposome	HY-19991	MCF-7	[51]
		Copolymer of azide-terminated polyethylene glycol and polyaspartic acid sheddable long-chain PEG	Polymer	PD-1 Abs	B16F10	[52]
	Enhanced delivery and function	Upconversion nanoparticles by co-loading chlorin e6, and imiquimod	Inorganic conversion	Imiquimod (R837)	CT26	[54]
	Through the action of cytokines	lipid bilayer surrounding a hydrogel core fabricated from a degradable polymer	liposomal polymeric	IL-2	B16-F10	[55]
	In vitro amplification of T cells	Ionizable lipid nanoparticles	lipid nanoparticle	mRNA	Nalm6	[60]
		PLGA nanoparticles loaded with ICG	Polymer	CSPG-4	WM115	[61]
CAFs	Target at stroma	PEGylated human recombinant PH20 hyaluronidase	Polymer	Hyaluronidase	KPC	[67]
	Deactivation	Gold-core silver-shell-structured hybrid nanoparticle system	Gold/polymer hybrid	Au, Ag	4T1	[68]
	Genetically modify	Lipid-coated protamine DNA complexes	Liposome	sTRAIL	BXPC3	[69]

Abbreviation: TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages, MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells, DCs: Dendritic cells, CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts, SIRPα: signal regulatory proteinα; SR-B1: scavenger receptor B type 1; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid; ICG: indocyanine green; CpG-ODN/Poly(I: C): oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs/ polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; LWMH: low molecular weight heparin; OVA: ovalbumin; CSPG4: antigen chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4; IL-2: interleukin-2; sTRAIL:secretable form of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand.