Application of Bionanomaterials in Tumor Immune Microenvironment Therapy

Table 3

Some applications of bio-nanomaterial approved by FDA or in clinical trials in microenvironment therapy.

Name	Component	Immunotherapy effect	Clinical trial status	Ref
Dex	Nanoparticulate DC-derived exosomes	Stimulate CTLs and CD4+ T cells, NK cell activation	Phase 2, completed (NCT01159288)	[73]
Ferumoxytol	IONP	Transfer M2-like macrophages to M1-like in TME	Approved by FDA for anemia and kidney diseases	[27]
RNA-LPX (Lipoplexfi)	RNA-loaded liposomes	DC maturation, T cell response, inflammatory response	Phase 1, recruiting (NCT04503278)	[74]
DOXIL	Doxorubicin-loaded liposomes	Increased intratumoral CD8+ T cell infiltration, decreased the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and increased CD80 expression by myeloid cells	Approved by FDA for cancer treatment	[10]
TRQ15-01	Nanogels	Ex vivo modification of T cells prior to adoptive-cell transfer	Phase 1, active (NCT03815682)	[75]
AST-008	CpG oligonucleotide nanoparticulate	Activating NK cells and inducing IFN-α production from plasmacytoid DC precursors, enhance B cell stimulatory property	Phase 1/2, recruiting (NCT03684785)	[76]

IONP: iron oxide nanoparticle; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte; NK cell: natural killer cell; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; DC: dendritic cell.