Toll-Like Receptor-Based Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy

Table 2

Clinical studies on the application of TLR agonists for cancer treatment published since 2016.

Target TLR	TLR agonist	Companion treatment	Conditions	Phase	Results	Reference
TLR2	CADI-05	Chemotherapy (cisplatin-paclitaxel)	Non-small-cell lung cancer	II	No survival benefit was observed with the addition of CADI-05 to chemotherapy.	[143]
TLR3	Poly-ICLC	NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine	Melanoma	I/II	Enhanced specific CD8+ T cell response.	[138]
		Peptide-pulsed DCs	Pancreatic cancer	I	The treatment was safe and induced a measurable tumor-specific T cell population.	[142]
TLR3, TLR4	Poly-ICLC, LPS	Multipeptide vaccine and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant	Melanoma	I	Combinations of poly-ICLC or LPS with peptide vaccine and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant are safe and induce T cell response.	[99]
TLR4 TLR9	AS15	Recombinant MAGE-A3 vaccine	Melanoma	I	The treatment was tolerated and produced durable Ab responses.	[139]
TLR7	Imiquimod	Chemotherapy (paclitaxel)	Breast cancer cutaneous metastases	II	The combination was effective in inducing disease regression, but responses were short-lived.	[144]
TLR8	Motolimod	Anti-EGFR (cetuximab)	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	I	The addition of TLR agonist enhanced the cellular antitumor immune response.	[140, 141]
TLR9	GNKG168	N/A	Minimal residual disease positive acute leukemia	I	Immunologic changes were observed.	[145]