| | TLR member | TLR coreceptor | TLR family | Gene | TLR genes classification | TLR gene sequences | Gene position | TLR position | TLR active form | Ligands | Adaptors | References | | DAMP (endogenous) | MAMP/PAMP (microbial) | XAMP (synthetic (agonist)) |
| | TLR1 | TLR2 | TLR1 | TLR6-TLR1-TLR10 | Nonviral | 16 | 4p14 | Cell membrane | Heterodimer of TLR1-TLR2 | ? | Triacyl lipoproteins | Pam3CSK4 | BCAP, MAL (TIRAP), MyD88, SCIMP | ([23], [71], [123], [117], [88], [42], [50], [6], [8]) |
| | TLR2 | CD14, CD36, dectin-1, GD1a, integrin β3, RP105, MBL, LBP, vitronectin, TLR1, TLR2, TLR6 TLR10 | TLR1 | TLR2 | Nonviral | 24 | 4q32 | Cell membrane | Heterodimer of TLR1-TLR2, homodimer of TLR2-TLR2, heterodimers of TLR2-TLR6 and TLR2-TLR10 | Heat shock proteins (HSPs 60, 70, 90), versican, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) | Atypical lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glycoinositolphospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan, mannan, peptidoglycan, sporozoite
Lipoarabinomannan, porins | Pam2CSK4, Pam3CSK4, Amplivant, Lipoamino acids | BCAP, MAL (TIRAP), MyD88, SCIMP | ([23], [71], [123], [25], [88], [86], [124], [139], [130], [42], [50], [6], [7], [121], [8]) |
| | TLR3 | CD14, Mex3B | TLR3 | TLR3 | Viral | 23 | 4q35 | Endolysosomal plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum | Homodimer of TLR3-TLR3 | mRNA, siRNA, and tRNA | Viral double-stranded (ds)RNA | Poly(I : C), Poly(A : U) | SARM, SCIMP, TRIF (TICAM1) | ([23], [71], [123], [88], [42], [50], [6], [7], [8], [141]) |
| | TLR4 | Myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) or LY96, CD14, CD36, LBP, RP105 | TLR4 | TLR4 | Nonviral | 22 | 9q32-33 | The cell membrane, endolysosomal plasma membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum | Homodimer of TLR4/MD-2-TLR4/MD-2
Heterodimer of TLR4-TLR6 | Heat shock proteins (HSPs 60, 70, 90), amyloid-β peptides, oxidized low-density lipoproteins | LPS, type 1, and P fimbriae | Lipid A and related derivatives, e.g., monophosphoryl lipid A
Pyrimido-indole (e.g., UM171), Taxol | BCAP, MAL (TIRAP), MyD88, SARM, SCIMP, TRAM (TICAM2), TRIF (TICAM1) | ([23], [187], [71], [123], [88], [188], [139], [130], [42], [50], [6], [7], [148]) |
| | TLR5 | | TLR5 | TLR5 | Nonviral | 23 | 1q33.3 | Cell membrane | Homodimer of TLR5-TLR5 | High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) | Flagellin | Recombinant flagellin | MyD88, TRIF (TICAM1) | ([23], [71], [123], [88], [50], [6], [8]) |
| | TLR6 | TLR2, CD36, LBP | TLR1 | TLR6-TLR1-TLR10 | Nonviral | 22 | 4p14 | Cell membrane | Heterodimers of TLR2-TLR6 and TLR4-TLR6 | Amyloid-β peptides, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, versican | Diacyl lipoproteins, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan | MΦ-activating lipopeptide 2, synthetic diacylated lipoproteins, Pam2CSK4 | BCAP, MAL (TIRAP), MyD88, SCIMP | ([23], [71], [123], [117], [88], [130], [42], [50], [6], [8]) |
| | TLR7 | CD14 | TLR7 | TLR7 | Viral | 22 | Xp22.3 | Cell membrane, endolysosomal plasma membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum | Homodimer of TLR7-TLR7 | Immune complexes, self RNA | Bacterial and viral (GU-rich) single-stranded (ss) RNA | Imidazoquinoline (such as resiquimod (R848) and imiquimod), thiazoquinoline, oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), SM360320, 2-alkoxy-8-hydroxyadenyl derivative, loxoribine, UC-1V150, 3M-012, guanosine analogs | MyD88 | ([23], [71], [123], [88]; [139], [99], [50], [6], [8], [189]) |
| | TLR8 | | TLR7 | TLR8 | Viral | 23 | Xp22 | Endolysosomal plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum | Homodimer of TLR8-TLR8 | Immune complexes, self RNA | Bacterial and viral (GU-rich) single-stranded (ss) RNA | Imidazoquinoline (such as resiquimod (R848) and imiquimod), thiazoquinoline, loxoribine, UC-1V150, 3M-012 | MyD88 | ([23], [71], [123], [88], [139], [50], [6], [189]) |
| | TLR9 | CD14 | TLR7 | TLR9 | Viral | 22 | 3p21.3 | Endolysosomal plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum | Homodimer of TLR9-TLR9 | Chromatin IgG immune complexes, self DNA, hemozoin | Viral and bacterial unmethylated cytosine phosphate guanine-dideoxy nucleotide (CpG) DNA, DNA : RNA hybrids | A, B, and C classes of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) | MAL (TIRAP), MyD88, SCIMP | ([23], [71], [123], [88], [99], [50]; [6], [7], [189]) |
| | TLR10 | | TLR1 | TLR6-TLR1-TLR10 (pseudogene in mice) | Nonviral | 17 | 4p14 | Cell membrane, endolysosomal plasma membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum | Heterodimers of TLR1-TLR10 and TLR2-TLR10, homodimer of TLR10-TLR10 | ? | Diacyl lipoprotein, triacyl lipoprotein, viral glycoproteins, double-stranded (ds) RNA | ? | MyD88 | ([23], [71], [123], [117], [88], [86], [124], [50], [6], [8], [189]) |
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