Anti-inflammatory Effects of Empagliflozin and Gemigliptin on LPS-Stimulated Macrophage via the IKK/NF-κB, MKK7/JNK, and JAK2/STAT1 Signalling Pathways

Figure 3

Empagliflozin and gemigliptin inhibited LPS-stimulated proinflammatory cytokines production and attenuated cytokines and chemokines mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. (a) The amounts of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the conditioned medium were measured using ELISA after 48 h treatment. (b) TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, (c) CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and CXCL10 mRNA expressions were analysed via real-time PCR after 4 h treatment. Data are presented as the from three independent experiments. , , and indicate comparison with the untreated control. ^#, ^##, and ^### indicate results with statistically significant differences between the LPS-stimulated control and Gemi-, Empa-, or Gemi+Empa-treated groups. ^†, ^††, and ^††† indicate results with statistically significant differences between Empa- and Gemi+Empa-treated groups.

(a)

(b)

(c)