Anti-inflammatory Effects of Empagliflozin and Gemigliptin on LPS-Stimulated Macrophage via the IKK/NF-κB, MKK7/JNK, and JAK2/STAT1 Signalling Pathways

Figure 4

Empagliflozin and gemigliptin attenuated the NF-κB, JNK, and STAT signalling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with empagliflozin (Empa), gemigliptin (Gemi), empagliflozin plus gemigliptin (Empa+Gemi), or 50 μM dexamethasone (DEXA) for 4 h. Here, DEXA served as the positive control for the anti-inflammatory reagent. (a) IKKα/β, NF-κB, (b) JAK2, STAT1/3, (c) MAPKs, and (d) MKK4/7 signalling pathways in the cell lysates prepared were measured using Western blotting. Relative expression of each protein was compared. Data are presented as the from three independent experiments. , , and indicate comparison with the untreated control. ^#, ^##, and ^### indicate results with statistically significant differences between the LPS-stimulated control and Gemi-, Empa-, or Gemi+Empa-treated groups. ^†, ^††, and ^††† indicate results with statistically significant differences between Empa- and Gemi+Empa-treated groups. ^§, ^§§, and ^§§§ indicate results with statistically significant differences between DEXA- and Gemi+Empa-treated groups.

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